Speech recognition services

ABSTRACT

A speech recognition platform configured to receive an audio signal that includes speech from a user and perform automatic speech recognition (ASR) on the audio signal to identify ASR results. The platform may identify: (i) a domain of a voice command within the speech based on the ASR results and based on context information associated with the speech or the user, and (ii) an intent of the voice command. In response to identifying the intent, the platform may perform a corresponding action, such as streaming audio to the device, setting a reminder for the user, purchasing an item on behalf of the user, making a reservation for the user or launching an application for the user. The speech recognition platform, in combination with the device, may therefore facilitate efficient interactions between the user and a voice-controlled device.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of and claims priority to pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/896,495 filed on Feb. 14, 2018, entitled “Speech Recognition Platforms” which is a continuation of and claims priority to pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/243,288, filed on Aug. 22, 2016, entitled “Speech Recognition Platforms,” which is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/842,804, filed on Mar. 15, 2013, issued on Aug. 23, 2016 as U.S. Pat. No. 9,424,840, and entitled “Speech Recognition Platforms,” which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/696,055, filed on Aug. 31, 2012, entitled “Speech Recognition Platforms,” all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

Homes are becoming more wired and connected with the proliferation of computing devices such as desktops, tablets, entertainment systems, and portable communication devices. As computing devices evolve, many different ways have been introduced to allow users to interact with these devices, such as through mechanical means (e.g., keyboards, mice, etc.), touch screens, motion, and gesture. Another way to interact with computing devices is through speech.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The detailed description is described with reference to the accompanying figures. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the figure in which the reference number first appears. The use of the same reference numbers in different figures indicates similar or identical components or features.

FIG. 1A shows an illustrative voice interaction computing architecture set in a home environment. The architecture includes a voice-controlled device physically situated in the home, along with a user who provides a voice command to the device. In turn, the device utilizes computing resources that are remote from the environment to determine the intent of the user expressed in the voice command.

FIG. 1B illustrates that the remote computing devices and their associated functionality may be accessed via any number of client computing devices in addition to the voice-controlled device of FIG. 1A.

FIG. 2 shows illustrative components of the remote computing resources used to identify the intent of a user that provides a voice command, such as the user from FIGS. 1A-B.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example process for receiving an audio signal, identifying a domain associated with speech from the audio signal, identifying an intent associated with the domain and the speech and providing audio for output on a voice-controlled device.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example process for receiving an audio signal, identifying a first potential intent of speech from the audio signal, a second potential intent of the speech, selecting one of the potential intents and providing audio for output on a voice-controlled device.

FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of selected functional components implemented in the voice-controlled device of FIG. 1A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This disclosure describes, in part, a speech recognition platform configured to receive an audio signal that includes speech from a user and perform automatic speech recognition (ASR) on the audio signal to identify ASR results. In addition, the platform may identify: (i) a domain of a voice command within the speech based on the ASR results and based on context associated with the speech or the user, and (ii) an intent of the voice command. In response to identifying the intent of the voice command, the platform may perform a corresponding action, which may include providing audio for output on a voice-controlled device that initially captured the speech of the user. The action may also include streaming audio to the device, setting a reminder for the user, purchasing an item on behalf of the user, making a reservation for the user, launching an application for a user or any other type of action performed on behalf of the user. The speech recognition platform, in combination with the device, may therefore facilitate efficient interactions between the user and a voice-controlled device.

In some instances, a user within an environment may audibly state a request to a voice-controlled device, such as a request to play a certain song, a request to purchase an item, a request to set a reminder for the user or the like. The voice-controlled device may capture sound from within the environment and generate an audio signal for analysis of any speech therein. The device may then either perform the analysis or provide the audio signal for analyzing by another entity. In some instances, the device provides the audio signal over a network to a speech recognition platform that is remote from the environment (e.g., that resides in a data center or “in the cloud”).

In response to receiving the audio signal, a coordination component of the speech recognition platform may first obtain any context associated with the speech or with the user who provided the speech. This context may be based on previous interactions between the user and the device (or other voice-controlled device(s)), based on a location of the user, preferences of the user, information from an application called by the speech of the user or any other type of context.

The coordination component may then provide the audio signal and the retrieved context to a speech recognition component. In response to receiving the audio signal, the speech recognition component may perform automatic speech recognition (ASR) on the audio signal to generate ASR results. The ASR results may take the form of a list that includes the most likely words or phrases spoken by the user (an “N-best list”), a lattice structure that includes probabilities of different strings of phonemes spoken by the user or the like. In some instances, the speech component performs ASR using grammar and/or language models associated with multiple different domains. As described below, a domain may represent a discrete set of related activities that a user may request performance of by providing speech to a voice-controlled device. For instance, example domains may include shopping, listening to music, calendaring, reminder setting, travel reservations, to-do list creation, and the like.

After determining the ASR results, the speech recognition component may provide the ASR results and the context to a natural language understanding (NLU) component configured to identify multiple different intents potentially represented by the speech. In some instances, each intent is associated with a respective domain, and represents a discrete activity of the set of related activities within a particular domain. For instance, the “shopping” domain may include an intent to purchase a particular digital music file, an intent to purchase a grocery item, an intent to purchase a gift card for another user, an intent to simply make some type of purchase, and intent to engage in shopping related activity, or the like. The “music” domain may include an intent to play a particular song owned by the user, launch a particular music service, send a particular song to a friend or the like.

As described in further detail below, the NLU component may identify intents within each of multiple different domains (e.g., each domain known by the speech recognition platform). The NLU component may identify each intent by comparing the ASR results to known entities associated with each particular intent as well as by filling slots (or “fields”) of the intent based on the received context. For instance, the music domain may include a database of entity names associated with music, such as “internet radio”, “play”, “pause” and the like. In addition, the NLU component may fill a slot based on the context, such as previous speech provided by the user or the like. If, for example, the user had previously requested to pause a particular song and thereafter requested that the voice-controlled device to “please un-pause my music”, the NLU component may utilize the context to fill a slot associated with the name of the song that the user currently wishes to play—namely the song that was playing at the time that the user requested to pause the music.

After identifying multiple different intents associated with multiple different domains, the NLU component may rank the intents based on one more criteria. For instance, the NLU component may rank the intents based on a closeness of a speech-recognition match between a corresponding intent and entities associated with the intent, based on requests previously provided by the user and/or based on any other array of factors.

After ranking the intents, the NLU component may provide the ranked list of intents (potentially spanning multiple different domains) to the coordination component. In response, the coordination component may provide the ranked list of intents to a dialog component, which may in turn attempt to select a domain associated with the speech. That is, the dialog component attempts to determine which domain the user is most likely requesting to operate within. For example, this component may attempt to determine whether the user is trying to shop for an item, listen to music, set a reminder, add a to-do item on a to-do list or the like.

If the dialog component is able to determine a domain with a threshold amount of confidence, then the dialog component may proceed to select a domain. Otherwise, this component may identify a question to pose to the user for the purpose of identifying the domain and may provide audio indicative of this question for output on the device. For instance, the dialog component may provide the following audio to the voice-controlled device: “are you intending to shop for an item or listen to music?” The device may then capture sound that includes a user's response to the question and a corresponding audio signal may be provided back to the speech recognition platform for aiding in identifying the domain associated with the user's speech.

After the dialog component selects a domain associated with the speech, this component may provide an indication of the selection back to the coordination component. The coordination component may then provide to a dialog engine an indication of the intents from the ranked list of intents that are associated with the selected domain. If the selected domain is the “music” domain, for instance, then the coordination component may provide each intent from the list of N-best intents that is associated with the “music” domain. The dialog engine then attempts to select a single intent from this list of intents.

Again, the dialog engine may select a particular intent if the engine is able to make such a selection with a threshold amount of confidence. If not, then the dialog engine may provide audio to the device for helping deduce the intent. For instance, the engine may provide the following audio to the device: “Did you wish to launch internet radio or listen to music you own”? Again, the device may then capture sound that includes a user's response to the question and a corresponding audio signal may be provided back to the speech recognition platform for aiding in identifying the intent associated with the user's speech.

After selecting an intent, the dialog component may perform one or more actions corresponding to the user's speech. For instance, if the speech recognition platform determines that the user has requested to launch a particular channel of a particular internet radio service, then the platform may provide audio to the device (e.g., “I will turn on your station momentarily”) as well as begin streaming the particular channel to the device. By selecting a domain associated with a user's speech and thereafter selecting a particular intent from the domain, the speech recognition platform is able to efficiently and accurately respond to voice commands of the user.

Furthermore, an array of different applications may work with the speech recognition platform to perform actions requested by the user. For example, these applications may include a shopping application, a to-do list application, a music application, a navigation application, a search-engine application or any other similar or different type of application. In one example, the speech recognition platform interfaces with a shopping application that enables a user to purchase items via voice commands processed and recognized by the speech recognition platform. In another example, a to-do list application enables a user to add and check off items on a to-do list of the user via voice commands. In addition, the speech recognition platform may also help the user perform the items on the list, through appropriate reminders and the like.

To provide an example, envision that a user provides the following voice command: “Buy Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 2”. In response to receiving an audio signal or another type of input including this command, the orchestration component may retrieve any context from the context store. For instance, the context store could provide an indication that the user's last request was to purchase a DVD version of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 1. The orchestration component may then provide the audio signal and the context to the speech recognition component, which may perform ASR on the audio signal and provide ASR results and the context to the NLU component.

In response, the NLU component may use the ASR results and the context to determine multiple different potential intents associated with the user's request, with each intent being associated with a respective domain. In this example, at least one of the intents will include a “purchase” intent with a slot for the item being filled in as “Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 2”. In some instances, the NLU component may use the context described above to fill in an item-type slot with “DVD”. After identifying multiple intents, the NLU component may rank the intents and provide a ranked list of intents to the orchestration component. The orchestration component may in turn provide this list to the dialog component, which may either select a domain or engage in a dialog with the user to determine a domain. In this example, the dialog component determines that the user's request is associated with the “shopping” domain.

After making this determination, the dialog component may provide an indication of this selection to the orchestration component. Thereafter, the orchestration component may then provide, to the dialog component, those intents from the ranked list of intents that are associated with the shopping domain. The dialog engine may then attempt to select a single intent, or may decide to engage in a dialog with the user to make this determination. In this example, the dialog engine may decide to ensure that the user wishes to purchase the DVD rather than a book or other version of the identified content item. As such, the dialog component may ask the user the following question: “Would you like to purchase the DVD or the book?”

In this example, the user states “DVD” and an audio signal including this speech is passed from the device that captured the sound to the orchestration component. In response to receiving this indication, the dialog component may select an intent (“purchase a DVD version of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 2”) and may determine that the shopping application is able to perform this request. As such, the dialog component provides an indication to a response component of the intent, and the shopping application takes the intent, forms a search for the identified DVD and performs some action in response. For instance, the application may automatically purchase the DVD for the user, may provide several purchase options back to the user or may perform some other action in response.

In another example, a to-do list application may work in conjunction with the speech recognition platform to help a user add items to and complete items from a to-do list of the user. For instance, envision that a user states to his or her device the following sentence: “Remind me to pick up Grace from soccer at 6 pm” (or provide this textually or in another manner). Again, the orchestration component may receive an audio signal including this speech and, in response, may retrieve any context stored in the context store. The orchestration component then passes the audio signal and the context to the speech recognition component, which provides ASR results to the NLU component. The NLU component then creates a ranked list of potential intents, each with an associated domain as described above, and provides this list to the orchestration component.

In response to receiving the list, the orchestration component provides the list to the dialog component for selection of a domain. Here, the dialog component determines that the domain associated with the user's command is the “to-do” domain. In addition, the dialog component may select the intent corresponding to picking up Grace from soccer at 6 pm and may invoke the to-do list application. The to-do list application may add this item to the to-do list of the user that provided the command.

As 6 pm approaches, the to-do list application may provide one or more reminders to the user. For instance, the application may provide audio for output at the device that captured the user's speech (e.g., “Remember to pick up Grace from soccer in 15 minutes”). Additionally or alternatively, the to-do list application may send a text message including this message to a phone of the user, may send an email including this message or may remind the user in any other way.

Furthermore, the to-do list application may provide additional intelligence to not only help the user perform the requested task, but also other items on the user's to-do list. For instance, the application may determine, from context stored in the context store, that Grace's soccer practice is located at a field that is near a local grocery store. The to-do list application may also determine that the user has previously asked the application to remind the user to purchase a certain set of items at the store. As such, the to-do list application may provide a message to the user (e.g., audibly, via text or email, etc.) stating the following: “You may also want to stop by the grocery store on 5^(th) and Grand on the way home and buy bananas and milk.” Furthermore, the to-do list application may be configured to remove items from the user's to-do list in response to receiving an indication from the user that a particular task has been performed.

While a few non-limiting examples are described above and below, the devices and techniques described herein may apply for an array of other purposes. Furthermore, the devices and techniques described above may be implemented in a variety of different architectures and contexts. One non-limiting and illustrative implementation is described below. In this example, certain components are described as residing on servers that are remote from a voice-controlled assistant. It is to be appreciated, however, that some or all of these components may additional or alternatively reside on the device or at other locations in other implementations.

FIG. 1A shows an illustrative voice interaction computing architecture 100 set in a home environment 102 that includes a user 104. The architecture 100 also includes an electronic voice-controlled device 106 with which the user 104 may interact. In the illustrated implementation, the voice-controlled device 106 is positioned on a table within a room the home environment 102. In other implementations, it may be placed in any number of locations (e.g., ceiling, wall, in a lamp, beneath a table, under a chair, etc.). Further, more than one device 106 may be positioned in a single room, or one device may be used to accommodate user interactions from more than one room.

Generally, the voice-controlled device 106 has at least one microphone and at least one speaker to facilitate audio interactions with the user 104 and/or other users. In some instances, the voice-controlled device 106 is implemented without a haptic input component (e.g., keyboard, keypad, touch screen, joystick, control buttons, etc.) or a display. In certain implementations, a limited set of one or more haptic input components may be employed (e.g., a dedicated button to initiate a configuration, power on/off, etc.). Nonetheless, the primary and potentially only mode of user interaction with the electronic device 106 may be through voice input and audible output. One example implementation of the voice-controlled device 106 is provided below in more detail with reference to FIG. 2.

The microphone of the voice-controlled device 106 detects audio from the environment 102, such as sounds uttered from the user 104. As described in further detail below, the voice-controlled device 106 includes a processor and memory, which may store or otherwise has access to a speech-recognition engine. As used herein, a processor may include multiple processors and/or a processor having multiple cores. The speech-recognition engine performs speech recognition on audio captured by the microphone, such as utterances spoken by the user 104. The voice-controlled device 106 may perform certain actions in response to recognizing different speech from the user 104. The user may speak predefined commands (e.g., “Awake”; “Sleep”), or may use a more casual conversation style when interacting with the device 106 (e.g., “I'd like to go to a movie. Please tell me what's playing at the local cinema.”).

The user 104 may also utilize the voice-controlled device 106 for outputting audio (e.g., playing music) via the speaker of the device 106 or via one or more speakers within the environment 102 that the device 106 controls. The user 104 may also utilize the voice-controlled device 106 for engaging in voice communications (e.g., “telephone calls”) with users that are remote from the environment 102.

In some instances, the voice-controlled device 106 may operate in conjunction with or may otherwise utilize computing resources 108 that are remote from the environment 102. For instance, the voice-controlled device 106 may couple to the remote computing resources 108 over a network 110. As illustrated, the remote computing resources 112 may be implemented as one or more servers 112(1), 112(2), . . . , 112(P) and may, in some instances form a portion of a network-accessible computing platform implemented as a computing infrastructure of processors, storage, software, data access, and so forth that is maintained and accessible via a network such as the Internet. The remote computing resources 112 do not require end-user knowledge of the physical location and configuration of the system that delivers the services. Common expressions associated for these remote computing devices 112 include “on-demand computing”, “software as a service (SaaS)”, “platform computing”, “network-accessible platform”, “cloud services”, “data centers”, and so forth.

The servers 112(1)-(P) include a processor 114 and memory 116. The memory 116 may have access to and utilize the speech-recognition engine for receiving audio signals from the device 106, recognizing speech and, potentially, causing performance of an action in response. In some examples, the voice-controlled device 106 may upload audio data to the remote computing resources 108 for processing, given that the remote computing resources 108 may have a computational capacity that far exceeds the computational capacity of the voice-controlled device 106. Therefore, the voice-controlled device 106 may utilize the speech-recognition engine at the remote computing resources 108 for performing relatively complex analysis on audio captured from the environment 102.

Regardless of whether the speech recognition occurs locally or remotely from the environment 102, the voice-controlled device 106 may receive vocal input from the user 104 and the device 106 and/or the resources 108 may perform speech recognition to interpret a user's operational request or command. The requests may be for essentially any type of operation, such as database inquires, requesting and consuming entertainment (e.g., gaming, finding and playing music, movies or other content, etc.), personal information management (e.g., calendaring, note taking, etc.), online shopping, financial transactions, and so forth.

The voice-controlled device 106 may communicatively couple to the network 110 via wired technologies (e.g., wires, USB, fiber optic cable, etc.), wireless technologies (e.g., RF, cellular, satellite, Bluetooth, etc.), or other connection technologies. The network 110 is representative of any type of communication network, including data and/or voice network, and may be implemented using wired infrastructure (e.g., cable, CATS, fiber optic cable, etc.), a wireless infrastructure (e.g., RF, cellular, microwave, satellite, Bluetooth, etc.), and/or other connection technologies.

As illustrated, the memory 116 of the remote computing resources 108 may include a coordination component 118, a speech recognition component 120, a natural language understanding (NLU) component 122, a dialog component 124 and a response component 126. The coordination component 118 may receive an audio signal generated by the device 106 and may generally begin the process of determining how best to respond to user's speech from the audio signal. For instance, the coordination component 118 may retrieve any context associated with the speech (e.g., based on prior speech from the user 104) and may provide the context and/or the audio signal to the speech recognition component 120.

In response to receiving the audio signal, the speech recognition component 120 may perform automatic speech recognition (ASR) on the audio signal to generate ASR results. The speech recognition component 120 may then provide the ASR results and the context to the NLU component 122. In some instances, the NLU component 122 receives the context directly from the coordination component 118 or from another entity. In either instance, the NLU component 122 may identify multiple possible intents of the user's speech across multiple different domains based on the ASR results and the context. As described above, a domain may represent a related set of activities (e.g., shopping, music, calendaring, etc.), while an intent within a domain may represent one of the activities (e.g., buying a particular item, listening to a particular song, setting up a particular appointment, etc.). The NLU component 122 may also rank the intents according to one or more factors and may provide the top N intents to the coordination component 118 or another entity.

The coordination component 118 may then provide the ranked list of N-intents to the dialog component 124. In some instances, the dialog component 124 receives these N intents directly from the NLU component 122 or from another entity. After receiving the N intents, each associated with a particular domain, the dialog component 124 may attempt to select a domain most likely associated with the user's speech. If the dialog component 124 can make this determination with a threshold amount of confidence, then the component 124 may select a domain. If not, then the component 124 may proceed to engage the user 104 in a dialog. For instance, the dialog component 124 may provide audio for output at the voice-controlled device 106, with the audio indicating a question to pose to the user 104. The microphone(s) of the device 106 may generate an audio signal based on the user's response, which may be thereafter used by the dialog component 124 to select a domain.

After selecting a domain, the component 124 may provide an indication of this selection back to the coordination component 118, which may provide an indication of the selected domain (and an indication of the intents of the N intents associated with the selected domain) to a dialog engine for selecting the intent. The dialog engine may select the intent or may again engage the user 104 in a dialog for the purpose of selecting the intent.

After selecting an intent, the dialog engine 124 may provide an indication of this selection to the response component 126, which may perform one or more actions corresponding to the selected intent. This may include providing audio for output on the device 106, initiating a purchase for the user 104, calendaring an appointment for the user 104 or the like.

FIG. 1A, for instance, illustrates the user providing an example request 128(1). Here, the user 104 states “I'd like some string cheese, please.” In response to generating an audio signal based on this audio, the device 106 may provide the audio signal to the remote computing resources 108. In response, the remote computing resources 108 may provide audio for output back to the device to aid in determining a domain associated with the user's speech. Here, the remote computing resources 108 provide audio for asking the user the following question 128(2): “Are you wishing to shop or listen to music?” In this example, the remote computing resources 108 (and, more specifically, the dialog component 124) is attempting to determine whether the user's speech should be associated with the “music” domain or the “shopping” domain.

In response, the user 104 provides the following reply 128(3): “Listen to music”. The device 106 generates an audio signal that includes this audio and provides the signal to the remote computing resources 108. In response, the dialog component 124 may determine that the user's speech is associated with the “music” domain. As such, the remote computing resources 108 may proceed to attempt to determine an intent of the user's speech within the “music” domain. Here, the resources 108 provide audio for output at the device 106, with the audio being associated with the following question 128(4): “Okay. Would you to play the channel “the String Cheese Incident” on internet radio or play music from your personal storage?” In response, the user 104 states the following reply 128(5): “Internet radio, please.”

After the device 106 captures this audio and provides a corresponding audio signal to the resources 108, the resources 108 may determine that the user 104 wishes to launch an application that provides internet radio and begin playing the channel entitled “the String Cheese Incident”. In some instances, the resources 108 may have determined, from context associated with the user 104, that the user 104 has previously configured such a channel using the application. In response to making this determination, the response component 126 may perform a corresponding action, such as provide audio for output at the device 106 (e.g., “I'll begin playing your music shortly”) as well as begin streaming the channel to the device 106.

In some instances, the remote computing resources may interact with applications hosted by one or more third-party services 130. For instance, the services 130 may include a music application that the resources 108 utilize to cause the requested music channel to be streamed to the device 106. In other instances, applications execute locally on the device 106 or on the remote computing resources 108.

FIG. 1B illustrates illustrative another computing architecture 200, which includes many of the same components described above with reference to FIG. 1A. In this instance, however, the architecture 200 illustrates that the user 104 may access the functionality of the remote computing devices 108 via any number of client computing devices 202 other than the voice-controlled device of FIG. 1A. For instance, each of the illustrated devices may store or otherwise utilize a client application (e.g., a web application) for communicating with the remote computing resources 108. The application may allow the user 104 to interact via speech, text input, touch input, or in any other manner. In addition, the remote computing resources 108 may provide output for one or more client devices 202 in any manner. For instance, the resources 108 may provide visual content (e.g., images, video, text, etc.), audible content, haptic content, or the like. Furthermore, while a few example client devices are illustrated, it is to be appreciated that any type of client device may be utilized to interact with the remote computing resources 108 (e.g., smart phones, tablet computing devices, desktop computers, etc.).

FIG. 2 shows illustrative components of the remote computing resources 108 used to identify the intent of a user that provides a voice command, such as the user 104. FIG. 2 also provides an example communication flow through these components. Of course, while FIG. 2 illustrates one example flow, it is to be appreciated that certain pieces of information may be passed among the components in any other manner in other implementations.

Initially, a user within an environment (e.g., the environment 102) may provide a voice command to the voice-controlled device 106, such as the example voice command illustrated in and described with reference to FIG. 1A. Thereafter, at “1”, the voice-controlled device 106 may provide the audio signal that includes the voice command along with any metadata associated with audio signal to a device-specific front-end 202. The remote computing resources 108 may maintain one or more respective device-specific front-ends corresponding to different types of devices from which audio signals may be received. For instance, the remote computing resources 108 may utilize the illustrated front-end 202 when receiving audio signals from a voice-controlled device, such as the device 106. The resources 108 may utilize other front-ends when receiving audio signal from other types of devices.

As illustrated, a protocol dispatcher 204 of a device proxy 206 within the front-end 202 may initially receive the audio signal and the metadata. The protocol dispatcher 204 may be responsible for handling connections (e.g., SSL connections) between the device 106 and the remote computing resources 108. After receiving the signal and the metadata, the dispatcher 204 may provide this information to the coordination component 118. Generally, the coordination component 118 may coordinate the communication between components of the speech platform maintained by the remote computing resources 108. In addition, if the identity of the user associated with the audio signal has previously been determined, the protocol dispatcher 204 may obtain this information from storage and provide the identity of the user to the coordination component 118, the coordination component 118 may itself retrieve this information, or the known identity may be retrieved in any other manner (e.g., from the context store 208 described below).

In response to receiving the audio signal, at “2”, the coordination component 118 retrieves any context associated with the speech (e.g., with a current dialog session with the user 14), the user 104 or the like from a context store maintained by a context manager 208. In some instances, applications that the user 104 has previously interacted with (or an application that the user 104 is currently interacting with as part of a session) may provide hints of expected or potential replies to the context store 208. That is, an application may indicate potential responses from the user to aid in identifying speech within the audio signal. At “3”, the context manager 208 provides any context associated with speech to the coordination component 118.

At “4”, the coordination component 118 provides the audio signal, the metadata and potentially the retrieved context (including the identity of the user if known) to a speech component 210. For instance, the coordination component 118 may provide this information to an automatic speech recognition (ASR) engine 212 of the speech component 210. The ASR engine 212 may perform speech recognition on the audio signal across multiple domains, such as domains 214(1), 214(2) and 214(3). While FIG. 2 illustrates three domains, it is to be appreciated that any number of domains may be utilized. As discussed above, a domain may represent a discrete set of activities having a common theme, such as “shopping”, “music”, “calendaring”, etc. As such, each domain may be associated with a particular language model and/or grammar database 216, which the ASR engine 212 may use when performing the ASR.

In instances where the user identity is known, the ASR engine 212 may utilize past interactions with the identified user to generate the ASR results. For instance, the ASR engine 212 may utilize language models that are tailored to the particular user for identifying the speech. In addition, the ASR engine 212 (and each component described in this architecture) may utilize information known about the user to help determine the user's speech, intent, and the like. For instance, if a particular user is known to often request to play music at certain times of the day, then the ASR engine 212 may weight a request received at one of these times of day from the user as more likely to be a request to play music. Or, if a user is known to have been recently shopping for shoes, then this information may be used when interpreting the user's speech and/or selecting an intent of the user's speech.

Furthermore, in instances where the identity of the user that provided the speech is not known, the ASR engine 212 may communicate with a speaker identification (ID) engine 217 that attempts to identify the user. The speaker ID engine 217 may identify the user based on an array of criteria, such as a “voice print” associated with the audio signature, likely interpretations of the speech within the audio signal as determined by the ASR engine 212, and other information associated with the audio signal (e.g., a time of day that the speech is received, a client device that generated the audio signal, prior and recent interactions with the system, and the like). In some instances, a voice print is based at least in part on acoustic characteristics of an audio signal, such as frequency, tone, pitch, volume, and the like.

The speaker ID engine 217 may store or otherwise reference voice prints associated with respective users, as well as other information associated with these users, such as common requests made by the users, times of day that the respective users often issues requests, client devices that respective users often interact with, and the like. The speaker ID engine 217 may then attempt to identify a user associated with an audio signal by comparing characteristics of the audio signal (e.g., the voice print, time of day received, client device that generated the signal, and the like) to identify the user. The speaker ID engine 212 may in turn provide this information to the ASR engine 212, which may attempt to identify the speech (or re-identify the speech) based at least in part on prior requests of the identified user, preferences of the identified user, and the like.

After the ASR engine 212 generates ASR results based on the ASR, at “5”, the speech recognition component 120 may provide the ASR results and the context to the domains 214(1)-(3) within the NLU component 122. In some instances, the ASR results comprise a phoneme-based lattice structure, an N-best list or the like.

The NLU component 122 receives the ASR results and attempts to generate a list of potential intents associated with the speech of the user based on both the ASR results and the received context, which again may include past interactions or preferences of the user, when known. As illustrated, the NLU component may generate these potential intents across the different domains 214(1)-(3) in this example. In order to generate a particular intent, each domain includes or is associated with a named-entity recognition (NER) component 218 and a search component 222. Each respective NER searches for named entities within the ASR results across a respective grammar database 220 that is custom to the particular domain. Each grammar database 220 includes the names of entities (i.e., nouns) commonly found in speech about the particular domain. For instance, a grammar database 220 associated with the shopping domain may include words commonly used when people discuss shopping. The search mechanism, meanwhile, may compare the ASR results across a catalog 224 of other words and information that is associated with the particular domain, such as “shopping”.

In addition, each domain includes or is associated with a slot filler 226, which utilizes the received context (potentially including past interactions or user preferences) to fill one or more slots associated with a particular intent. For instance, if a particular intent is to “play song X”, then the slot filler 226 may utilize the context to identify song X and, therefore, fill the corresponding slot in this intent. As described above, the context may be based on prior interactions with the user, hints from one or more applications or the like. For instance, envision that the user has previously requested to pause his music and subsequently states the following command: “please play my music”. In order to execute the user's intent, the slot associated with which song the user wishes to play must be identified. In this instance, the user's previous interaction (requesting to pause the song) provides the context needed to fill this slot and play the song the system had previously paused.

The NLU component 122 may combine results from the NER component 218, the search component 222, and the slot filler 226 to generate a potential intent. In some instances, each domain may generate one or more potential intents based on the ASR results and the context, which may be provided to an intent ranking engine 228. The intent ranking engine 228 may then rank the received intents according to one or more predefined factors and may provide this ranked list as an output. In some instances, the engine 228 provides the entire list, while in other instances the engine 228 truncates the list to the top N intents.

At “6”, the NLU component 122 provides the ranked list of intents back to the coordination component 118. In response, at “7”, the coordination component 118 provides this list of intents across domains to a dialog engine 230 of the dialog component 124 for selecting a domain. In some instances, the dialog engine 230 may determine, based at least part on the ranked list and corresponding probabilities associated with the intents, whether the dialog engine 230 is able to select a domain with a confidence that is greater than a predefined threshold. If so, then the dialog engine 230 provides an indication of the selected domain back to the coordination component 118 (illustrated as “10”).

If not, however, then the dialog engine 230 references a dialog database 232 to determine one or more questions to pose to the user for the purpose of selecting a domain. In some instances, the remote computing resources again attempt, at this point, to identify the user that initiated the request at “1” through ASR or other techniques, such as by querying the user. Furthermore, the dialog engine 230 may utilize this information when determining the questions to pose to the user, as well as when otherwise communicating with the user. The dialog engine 230 then provides an indication of this question to a rendering engine, which in turn provides a rendering directive at “8” to a text-to-speech (TTS) engine 236. While FIG. 2 illustrates the TTS engine 236, the remote computing resources 108 may utilize an engine capable of rendering visual output in instances where the device 106 is additionally or alternatively capable of rendering visual content. That is, the remote computing resources 108 are capable of outputting any type of content (e.g., visual, audible, etc.) depending on the client to which the resources 108 provide the content. As such, the TTS engine 236 of FIG. 2 simply serves as an example where the client device comprises the voice-controlled device of FIG. 1A. In addition, while FIG. 2 illustrates the TTS engine 236 as residing within the front-end 202, in some instances the engine 236 comprises a service that is callable by the remote computing resources 108. At “9”, the TTS engine 236 may provide the audio for output on the voice-controlled device 106. For instance, the TTS engine 236 may provide audio to ask the following question to the user (as determined by the dialog engine 230): “Do you wish to shop or listen to music?”

The device 106 may then capture audio that includes the user's reply, generate a corresponding audio signal and provide this audio signal to the protocol dispatcher 204. This additional audio signal may then flow through the system as described above with reference to the first audio signal, or may simply be provided directly from the coordination component 118 to the dialog engine 230. In some instances, the context associated with the session is updated in the context store 208, which may be done after each interaction with the user. After receiving the user's response, the dialog engine 230 may select an intent based on this additional audio signal or may select another question to pose to the user. At some point, at “10”, the dialog engine 230 provides an indication of the selected domain back to the coordination component 118.

At “11”, the coordination component 118 identifies those intents from the N intents that are associated with the selected domain and provides an indication of these intents to a dialog engine 238(3) associated with the selected domain (in this example domain 214(3)). The dialog engine 238(3) functions to select an intent from these intents. If the dialog engine 238(3) can select an intent with a confidence that is greater than a predefined threshold, then the engine 238(3) selects the intent. Otherwise, the dialog engine 238(3) may reference one or more dialogs 240. Each of the one or more dialogs 240 may be associated with a particular intent, may specify one or more conditions that indicate when the intent is complete and actionable, and may indicate steps that the dialog engine 238(3) should take in order to obtain the information. For instance, a particular dialog may indicate which information is necessary to create an actionable intent and may indicate which questions to ask the user in order to obtain this information.

Upon identifying a particular intent, the dialog engine 238(3) may first determine whether a selected intent is complete, or whether more information from the user is needed to complete an action associated with the intent. If more information is needed, then the dialog engine may determine, from the dialog 240 that is associated with the intent, the question(s) to ask to the user. After identifying the question(s), the engine 238(3) provides a request to output the question to a rendering engine 242(3), which works with a rendering component 244(3) to obtain a rendering directive. At “12”, the rendering engine provides the rendering directive to the TTS engine 236, which provides audio to the device 106 for output on speakers of the device “at 13.” For instance, the device 106 may pose the following question: “Would you like to listen to music on an internet radio application or from your personal storage?”

Again, the device 106 may capture the sound, generate an audio signal and provide the signal to the dispatcher 204. This additional audio signal may flow through the same communication signal described above (e.g., steps 1-11) or may be provided directly to the dialog engine 238(3). In either instance, the engine 238(3) may determine, using this additional information in the form of the user's reply, that the selected intent is now actionable and may identify one or more actions to take based on the selected intent. The engine 238(3) may then provide an indication of this action(s) to a speechlet engine 246(3), where different applications may register their respective interest in different intents selected by the engine 238(3). The speechlet engine 246(3) then works with the response component 126 to determine a response to provide to the rendering engine, and may also route the selected intent to the appropriate application.

An action may include providing audio for output on the device (e.g., “I will begin playing your music shortly”), as well as performing one or more additional actions, such as requesting that an internet radio application begin streaming a particular channel to the device 106. Whatever the action(s) may be, at “12”, the rendering engine 242(2) and potentially one or more external applications provide the rendering directives to the TTS engine 236, which in turn passes corresponding audio (e.g., a response, streaming audio, etc.) to the device 106. For instance, the rendering engine may provide audio for output on the device (e.g., “I will begin playing your music shortly”), while an internet radio application hosted by one of third-party services 130 may provide a rendering directive to begin streaming audio to the device 106. For instance, the dialog component 124 may send a request to the internet radio application, which may in turn return a uniform resource locator (URL). The resources 108 may then provide the URL to the device 106, which in turns requests content associated with the URL from the internet radio application. As described above, in some instances the device 106 may alternatively utilize local applications or applications hosted by the remote computing resources 108. Furthermore, the third-party services 130 may comprise music applications (e.g., internet radio) for providing music to the device 106 and/or the resources 108, a reminder application for providing reminders to the device 106 and/or the resources 108, a weather application for providing weather forecasts to the device 106 and/or the resources 108, or any other type of application.

As described above with reference to the dialog engine 230 and the dialog engine 238(3), these dialog engines may utilize one or more dialogs with a user to reach an actionable goal, such as playing a requested internet radio station or setting a reminder for the user. These dialogs consist of questions posed to the user and responses received from the user. As described above, the questions may be provided to the user in different ways, depending upon the capabilities of the client device. For instance, the questions may be output audibly through a speaker and/or visually on a display.

In some instances, each intent is associated with a number of slots (or “fields”) that, when filled with corresponding values, results in an actionable intent. For instance, an intent to “book an airline flight” may be associated with the following slots that need to be associated with values in order to create a completed and actionable intent: origin city, destination city, and travel date(s). In order to receive this information from a user, each intent may be associated with a particular dialog in some instances. For instance, in the example above, when the dialog engine determines that a user has expressed an intent to book a flight, the dialog engine may determine which slots already have values and then use the corresponding dialog to obtain any other needed values, if any.

For instance, envision that a user's states the following: “I would like to book a round-trip flight from Seattle to Portland.” After determining that the user's intent is to book a flight, the dialog engine will identify the slots associated with this intent (origin city, destination city, travel date(s)) and will associate the slots with respective values provided by the user. Here, for instance, the dialog engine will associate “Seattle” as the origin city and “Portland” as the destination city. The dialog engine with then utilize the particular dialog associated with the “book a flight” intent to obtain the need travel dates. Here, for instance, the dialog engine may cause the user's client device to output the following question: “When you would like to leave for Portland and when would you like to return to Seattle?” In addition, the dialog engine may provide an indication (or hint) of this question to the context store 208 or directly to the NLU component 122 such that the NLU component 122 can expect that the user's next speech will be dates on which the user would like to fly to Portland and subsequently return to Seattle. In response to receiving the user's reply to this question, the dialog engine may associate the remaining slot with the user's specified travel dates and the process of booking the user's ticket may begin.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example process 300 for receiving an audio signal, identifying a domain associated with speech from the audio signal, identifying an intent associated with the domain and the speech and providing audio for output on a voice-controlled device. Each process described herein is illustrated as a logical flow graph, each operation of which represents a sequence of operations that can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof. In the context of software, the operations represent computer-executable instructions stored on one or more computer-readable media that, when executed by one or more processors, perform the recited operations. Generally, computer-executable instructions include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, and the like that perform particular functions or implement particular abstract data types.

The computer-readable media may include non-transitory computer-readable storage media, which may include hard drives, floppy diskettes, optical disks, CD-ROMs, DVDs, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, flash memory, magnetic or optical cards, solid-state memory devices, or other types of storage media suitable for storing electronic instructions. In addition, in some embodiments the computer-readable media may include a transitory computer-readable signal (in compressed or uncompressed form). Examples of computer-readable signals, whether modulated using a carrier or not, include, but are not limited to, signals that a computer system hosting or running a computer program can be configured to access, including signals downloaded through the Internet or other networks. Finally, the order in which the operations are described is not intended to be construed as a limitation, and any number of the described operations can be combined in any order and/or in parallel to implement the process.

At 302, the process 300 receives an audio signal that includes speech. Although this and other figures describes receiving an audible input, in other instance the input may be received from a client device via text, touch, or the like. At 304, the process 300 receives context associated with the speech, which may include context associated with the actual request, context associated with the user that provides the speech, or the like. At 306, the process 300 performs automatic speech recognition (ASR) on the audio signal to generate ASR results. At 308, the process then identifies multiple intents associated with the speech.

Identifying the multiple intents may include multiple sub-operations in some instances. At 308(1), the process 300 provides the ASR to multiple domains and then, at 308(2), each domain parses the ASR results to identify named entities within the ASR results. Each respective domain may also fill one or more slots using the received context at 308(3). Finally, at 308(4), the process 300 may identify a particular intent based on the identified named entities and the slot(s) filled based on the context.

At 310, the process 300 then ranks the multiple intents. At 312, the process then selects a domain associated with the speech based at least in part on the ranked intents and, at 314, the process 300 then selects an intent associated with the selected domain. The operations 312 and/or 314 may include multiple sub-operations. A sub-operation 312(1)/314(1) comprises determining a question to ask a user. After identifying the question, a sub-operation 312(2)/314(2) then provides a request to a text-to-speech (TTS) service to audibly output the question on a speaker of a device. Thereafter, a sub-operation 312(3)/314(3) receives an additional audio signal that includes a response of a user to the question. Posing the question and receiving a user's response may aid in selecting a domain and/or selecting an intent at operations 312 and 314, respectively.

At 316, the process then provides audio for output at a device, such as the device that initially captured the user's speech. Again, while this and other figures describes providing audio for output, in other instances the output may be visual, haptic, audio, and/or the like. Finally, at 318, the process 300 performs an action for the user in addition to providing the audio for output at 316. This action may include purchasing an item for the user, playing a song for the user, calendaring an appointment for the user or the like.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example process 400 for receiving an audio signal, identifying a first potential intent of speech from the audio signal, a second potential intent of the speech, selecting one of the potential intents and providing audio for output on a voice-controlled device.

At 402, the process 400 receives an audio signal that includes speech of a user. At 404, the process 400 receives context associated with the speech or the user. At 406 the process performs ASR on the audio to generate ASR results. At 408, the process 400 identifies a first potential intent associated with the speech, with the first potential intent being associated with a first domain. At 410, meanwhile, the process 400 identifies a second, different potential intent, with the second potential intent being associated with a second, different domain.

At 412, the process 412 selects the first domain or the second domain as mostly likely to be associated with the user's speech. The process 400 then selects, at 414, either the first potential intent or the second intent as most likely to be associated with the user's speech. This selection is based at least in part on the selection of the domain at 412. Finally, at 416, the process 400 provides audio for output on a device, such as the device that initially captured the user's speech and generated the corresponding audio signal.

FIG. 5 shows selected functional components of the voice-controlled device 106 in more detail. Generally, the voice-controlled device 106 may be implemented as a standalone device that is relatively simple in terms of functional capabilities with limited input/output components, memory and processing capabilities. For instance, the voice-controlled device 106 does not have a keyboard, keypad, or other form of mechanical input in some implementations, nor does it have a display or touch screen to facilitate visual presentation and user touch input. Instead, the device 106 may be implemented with the ability to receive and output audio, a network interface (wireless or wire-based), power, and limited processing/memory capabilities.

In the illustrated implementation, the voice-controlled device 106 includes a processor 502 and memory 504. The memory 504 may include computer-readable storage media (“CRSM”), which may be any available physical media accessible by the processor 502 to execute instructions stored on the memory. In one basic implementation, CRSM may include random access memory (“RAM”) and Flash memory. In other implementations, CRSM may include, but is not limited to, read-only memory (“ROM”), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (“EEPROM”), or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by the processor 502.

The voice-controlled device 106 includes a microphone unit that includes one or more microphones 506 to receive audio input, such as user voice input, and one or more speakers 508 to output audio sounds. One or more codecs 510 are coupled to the microphone unit 506 and the speakers 508 to encode and/or decode the audio signals. The codec may convert audio data between analog and digital formats. A user may interact with the device 106 by speaking to it, and the microphone unit 506 captures the user speech. The codec 510 encodes the user speech and transfers that audio data to other components. The device 106 can communicate back to the user by emitting audible statements through the speakers 508. In this manner, the user interacts with the voice-controlled device simply through speech, without use of a keyboard or display common to other types of devices.

In the illustrated example, the voice-controlled device 106 includes one or more wireless interfaces 512 coupled to one or more antennas 514 to facilitate a wireless connection to a network. The wireless interface 512 may implement one or more of various wireless technologies, such as WiFi, Bluetooth, RF, and so on. The voice-controlled device 106 may also include one or more lights 516, which in some instances are arranged around a top of the cylindrical housing of the device 106. The device 106 may illuminate the lights in a particular pattern based on voice commands received from the user 104 to indicate to the user 104 that the device 106 has received the user's particular command.

One or more device interfaces 518 (e.g., USB, broadband connection, etc.) may further be provided as part of the device 106 to facilitate a wired connection to a network, or a plug-in network device that communicates with other wireless networks. One or more power units 520 are further provided to distribute power to the various components on the device 106.

The voice-controlled device 106 is designed to support audio interactions with the user, in the form of receiving voice commands (e.g., words, phrase, sentences, etc.) from the user and outputting audible feedback to the user. Accordingly, in the illustrated implementation, there are no haptic input devices, such as navigation buttons, keypads, joysticks, keyboards, touch screens, and the like. Further there is no display for text or graphical output. In one implementation, the voice-controlled device 106 may include non-input control mechanisms, such as basic volume control button(s) for increasing/decreasing volume, as well as power and reset buttons. There may also be an additional simple light element (e.g., LED) to indicate a state such as, for example, when power is on. But, other than the described lights, the device 106 might not use or need to use any input devices or displays in some instances.

Several modules such as instruction, datastores, and so forth may be stored within the memory 504 and configured to execute on the processor 502. An operating system module 522 is configured to manage hardware and services (e.g., wireless unit, USB, Codec) within and coupled to the device 106 for the benefit of other modules. In addition, the memory 504 may include a speech recognition engine 524 and a communication module 526. The speech recognition engine 524 may perform automatic speech recognition (ASR) on audio signals generated by the microphone unit 506. In some instances, the engine 524 simply monitors the signals for a particular word or phrase and, upon identifying the word or phrase, begins streaming the generated audio signals to the remote computing resources 108 for more intensive ASR. The communication module 526, meanwhile, may function to provide the audio signals to the remote computing resources 108 and receive communications from the resources 108 in response.

While the foregoing modules are described as residing on the device, some or all of these modules and components may reside additionally or alternatively at the remote computing resources 108.

Furthermore, while the examples above describe a voice-controlled assistant as interfacing with the speech recognition platform, any other type of device may interface with this platform. For instance, a user may use a multipurpose communication device (i.e., a smartphone), a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a tablet computing device or any other type of device to interface with the platform. In some of these instances, the devices may utilize a client application (e.g., a standalone application, a web application running on a browser, etc.) to provide speech from the users to the speech recognition platform, or may provide input via text, touch, or in any other manner.

In one example, a user may be able to control features of a smartphone using speech. For instance, a user may provide voice commands to the smartphone (e.g., mute, call, hang up, transfer, etc.), with speech representing these voice commands being provided to the speech recognition platform. The platform may perform the process described above to perform the appropriate action, such as instruct the smartphone to mute its microphone, instruct the smartphone to end a current telephone call or the like.

In another example, a user may link his or her laptop (for example) to a voice-controlled device, with the laptop running an application that interfaces with the speech recognition platform. Continuing the example from immediately above, the application may include soft buttons corresponding to the user's smartphone, such as mute, end call, transfer, etc. The user may then provide voice commands that are received by the voice-controlled device and then sent to the platform. The platform may then interface with the voice-controlled device, the laptop or potentially the smartphone to perform the action corresponding to the received voice command.

Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features described. Rather, the specific features are disclosed as illustrative forms of implementing the claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A system comprising: one or more processors; and one or more computer-readable media storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform acts comprising: receiving, from an electronic device in an environment, a first audio signal that represents a request from a user in the environment; performing speech recognition on the first audio signal to generate an N-best list of speech-recognition results; selecting a first speech-recognition result from the N-best list of the speech-recognition results; determining, based at least in part on the first speech-recognition result, a first potential action to perform in response to the request from the user; determining, based at least in part on the first speech-recognition result, a second potential action to perform in response to the request from the user; sending audio data to the electronic device to cause the electronic device to output, on at least one speaker of the electronic device, a query regarding whether to perform the first potential action or the second potential action; receiving, from the electronic device, a second audio signal that represents a response from the user; performing speech recognition on the second audio signal to generate a second speech-recognition result; and performing the first potential action based at least in part on the second speech-recognition result.
 2. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the performing the first potential action comprises causing the at least one speaker of the electronic device to output second audio data.
 3. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the performing the first potential action comprises storing an indication to send, at a specified time, reminder data to at least one of the electronic device or another electronic device associated with the user.
 4. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the performing the first potential action comprises adding item data to a list associated with the user.
 5. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the computer-readable media further stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform an act comprising obtaining context data indicating an identity of the user, and wherein the determining the first potential action comprises determining the first potential action based at least in part on the first speech-recognition result and the identity of the user.
 6. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the computer-readable media further stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform an act comprising obtaining context data indicating a previous interaction between the system and at least one of the user or the electronic device, and wherein the determining the first potential action comprises determining the first potential action based at least in part on the first speech-recognition result and the previous interaction between the system and the at least one of the user or the electronic device.
 7. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the computer-readable media further stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform acts comprising: determining a confidence level associated with the first potential action; and determining that the confidence level fails to satisfy one or more confidence criteria; and wherein the sending comprises sending the audio data to the electronic device to cause the electronic device to output, on the at least one speaker of the electronic device, the query regarding whether to perform the first potential action or the second potential action based at least in part on the determining that the confidence level fails to satisfy the one or more confidence criteria.
 8. A method comprising: receiving, from an electronic device in an environment, a first audio signal that represents a request a user in the environment; performing speech recognition on the first audio signal to generate an N-best list of speech-recognition results; selecting a first speech-recognition result from the N-best list of the speech-recognition results; determining, based at least in part on the first speech-recognition result, a first potential action to perform in response to the request from the user; determining, based at least in part on the first speech-recognition result, a second potential action to perform in response to the request from the user; sending audio data to the electronic device to cause the electronic device to output, on at least one speaker of the electronic device, a query regarding whether to perform the first potential action or the second potential action; receiving, from the electronic device, a second audio signal that represents a response of the user; performing speech recognition on the second audio signal to generate a second speech-recognition result; and performing the first potential action based at least in part on the second speech-recognition result.
 9. The method as recited in claim 8, wherein the performing the first potential action comprises causing the at least one speaker of the electronic device to output second audio data.
 10. The method as recited in claim 8, wherein the performing the first potential action comprises storing an indication to send, at a specified time, reminder data to at least one of the electronic device or another electronic device associated with the user.
 11. The method as recited in claim 8, wherein the performing the first potential action comprises adding item data to a list associated with the user.
 12. The method as recited in claim 8, further comprising obtaining context data indicating an identity of the user, and wherein the determining the first potential action comprises determining the first potential action based at least in part on the first speech-recognition result and the identity of the user.
 13. The method as recited in claim 8, further comprising obtaining context data indicating a previous utterance associated with the user, and wherein the determining the first potential action comprises determining the first potential action based at least in part on the first speech-recognition result and the previous utterance associated with the user.
 14. The method as recited in claim 8, further comprising: determining a confidence level associated with the first potential action; and determining that the confidence level fails to satisfy one or more confidence criteria; and wherein the sending comprises sending the audio data to the electronic device to cause the electronic device to output, on the at least one speaker of the electronic device, the query regarding whether to perform the first potential action or the second potential action based at least in part on the determining that the confidence level fails to satisfy the one or more confidence criteria.
 15. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform acts comprising: receiving, from an electronic device in an environment, a first audio signal that represents a request from a user in the environment; performing speech recognition on the first audio signal to generate an N-best list of speech-recognition results; selecting a first speech-recognition result from the N-best list of the speech-recognition results; determining, based at least in part on the first speech-recognition result, a first potential action to perform in response to the request from the user; determining, based at least in part on the first speech-recognition result, a second potential action to perform in response to the request from the user; sending audio data to the electronic device to cause the electronic device to output, on at least one speaker of the electronic device, a query regarding whether to perform the first potential action or the second potential action; receiving, from the electronic device, a second audio signal that represents a response from the user; performing speech recognition on the second audio signal to generate a second speech-recognition result; and performing the first potential action based at least in part on the second speech-recognition result.
 16. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media as recited in claim 15, wherein the performing the first potential action comprises causing the at least one speaker of the electronic device to output second audio data.
 17. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media as recited in claim 15, wherein the performing the first potential action comprises storing an indication to send, at a specified time, reminder data to at least one of the electronic device or another electronic device associated with the user.
 18. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media as recited in claim 15, wherein the performing the first potential action comprises adding item data to a list associated with the user.
 19. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media as recited in claim 15, wherein the computer-readable media further stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform an act comprising obtaining context data indicating an identity of the user, and wherein the determining the first potential action comprises determining the first potential action based at least in part on the first speech-recognition result and the identity of the user.
 20. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media as recited in claim 15, wherein the computer-readable media further stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform an act comprising obtaining context data indicating a previous interaction between the system and at least one of the user or the electronic device, and wherein the determining the first potential action comprises determining the first potential action based at least in part on the first speech-recognition result and the previous interaction between the system and the at least one of the user or the electronic device. 